River Swamp Frog Tadpole

Along rivers and smaller streams and in river floodplains including floodplain swamps and cut-off overflow pools. Also found in cypress-bordered lakes, forested swamps, bayheads, beaver impoundments, and borrow pits. Primary requirement appears to be permanent water that is necessary for successful reproduction (i.e., metamorphosis). Primary vegetative associations appear to be bald cypress, tupelo-gum, titi, and bay (Mount 1975).

Little published data. In northern Florida, breeding occurs from April to August (Allen 1938). Calls vary from a snort to a grunt and guttural roll (Wright and Wright 1949). Eggs laid as a surface film and hatch in 10 to 15 days (Allen 1938). Tadpoles prefer shallow water and are found in densely packed schools of several hundred individuals, an uncommon behavioral feature among ranid frogs (Wright 1924). Schooling behavior in tadpoles is associated with predator avoidance and food location (Altig and Christensen 1981). Tadpoles require about 10-12 months to transform, and they apparently overwinter (Allen 1938). They remain active in winter months, but growth is slower (Hansen 1957). In the Florida Panhandle, large individuals without limb buds have been observed in March and transforming individuals in April (M. Aresco, pers. observ.). Large tadpoles also have been observed in September. Newly metamorphosed specimens are about 60 millimeters (2.4 inches) snout-vent length (75 percent of adult size), a large body size relative to metamorphs of other ranid frog species. Juveniles grow rapidly during the first year (average growth rate of 8 mm [0.3 in.] per month), and probably reach mature size within one year after metamorphosis (Hansen 1957). Adults are active at air temperatures of 18o to 35oC (64.4 to 95oF) and are nocturnal, usually found sitting on the bank facing the water (Carr 1940, Hansen 1957). Adults apparently forage on land but stay close to water, probably feeding on a wide range of invertebrates, especially crayfish. When adults are captured, they become limp and relaxed in contrast to bullfrogs and pig frogs that kick and struggle vigorously (Carr 1940).